Long-term (up to 18 years) clinical and echocardiographic results of mitral balloon valvuloplasty in children in comparison with adult population.

AIMS: The purpose of this study was to assess the safety, efficacy, and long-term results (up to 18 years) of mitral balloon valvuloplasty (MBV) in children in comparison to adults. METHODS: 57 children age < or = 18 years (group A) and 474 adult patients (group B) who underwent successful MBV and were followed up for a mean 8.5 +/- 4.8 (range 1.5-18) years were analyzed. RESULTS: Patients in group A had a lower mitral echocardiographic score (echo score), 7.6 +/- 1.3 vs. 8.1 +/- 1 (P = 0.0005); smaller Doppler mitral valve area (MVA), 0.82 +/- 0.16 cm(2) vs. 0.92 +/- 0.17 cm(2) (P < 0.0001); and higher mitral valve gradient, 15.2 +/- 2.3 mmHg vs. 14.3 +/- 2.1 mmHg (P = 0.0003), than group B. Immediately after MBV, group A had larger MVA whether measured by catheter, 1.99 +/- 0.57 cm(2) vs. 1.8 +/- 0.52 cm(2) (P < 0.001), or by Doppler, 2.0 +/- 0.27 cm(2) vs. 1.97 +/- 0.28 cm(2) (P < 0.01), and similar complication rates, compared to group B. After a mean follow-up of 8.5 +/- 4.8 (range 1.5-18 years), restenosis in group A was 26% vs. 31% for group B (P = 0.41). Echo score > 8 (P = 0.046) was a predictor of restenosis in children and echo score > 8 (P < 0.0001) and previous surgery (P = 0.043) were predictors of restenosis in adults. Actuarial freedom from restenosis at 10, 15, and 18 years for groups A and B were 78%+/- 7%, 64%+/- 9%, and 18%+/- 14% and 77%+/- 2%, 43%+/- 4%, and 17%+/- 4%, respectively (P = 0.26). Event-free survival rates at 10, 15, and 18 years were 87%+/- 6%, 62%+/- 1%, and 20%+/- 2% versus 87%+/- 1%, 51%+/- 4%, and 20%+/- 5% for groups A and B, respectively (P = 0.51). Postprocedure MVA < 2.0 cm(2) (P = 0.043) and previous surgery (P = 0.03) were identified as predictors of events in children. Echo score > 8 (P < 0.0001) and prevalvuloplasty AF (P = 0.03) were identified as predictors of events in adults. CONCLUSION: MBV is safe and effective in children with rheumatic MS. It provides better immediate results than in adults and excellent long-term results that are comparable to those seen in adults.

The impact of mitral valve morphology on the long-term outcome of mitral balloon valvuloplasty.

BACKGROUND: The effect of mitral valve morphology (MVM) on the long-term results of mitral balloon valvuloplasty (MBV) is not well established. The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of MVM on long-term outcome of MBV. METHODS: Five hundred and eighteen consecutive patients (mean age, 31+/-11 years) who underwent successful MBV were followed up for 0.5-16.5 (mean, 6+/-4.5) years. Patients were divided into two groups according to their mitral echo score (MES) before MBV: group A (n=340; MES8). RESULTS: We report the immediate and long-term clinical and echocardiographic results of the above-mentioned 518 consecutive patients. The mitral valve area was significantly larger in group A than in group B, both immediately after MBV (2.0+/-0.3 vs. 1.82+/-0.3 cm2, respectively; P<0.0001) and also at the last follow-up (1.8+/-0.33 vs. 1.5+/-0.33 cm2, respectively; P<0.0001). Restenosis occurred in 38/340 (11%) in group A vs. 73/178 (41%) in group B (P<0.0001). Actuarial freedom from restenosis at 5, 10, 15 years were 92+/-2%, 85+/-3%, 65+/-6% for group A vs. 72+/-4%, 44+/-5%, 9+/-6% for group B (P<0.001). Event-free survival rates at 5, 10, 15 years for group A were 93+/-1%, 88+/-2%, 66+/-6% vs. 82+/-3%, 59+/-6%, 8+/-7% for group B (P<0.0001). Stepwise Cox multivariate regression analysis identified MES, preprocedure functional class, and postprocedure mitral valve area

Prevalence and fate of severe pulmonary hypertension in 559 consecutive patients with severe rheumatic mitral stenosis undergoing mitral balloon valvotomy.

BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY: The prevalence of severe pulmonary hypertension (PH) in patients with severe mitral stenosis (MS) remains unknown, and the long-term effect of mitral balloon valvotomy (MBV) in large numbers of these patients is not well characterized. METHODS: Details from the prospective MBV database at the authors' institution relating to 559 consecutive patients who had successful MBV were analyzed. Patients were allocated to three groups on the basis of their pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) at cardiac catheterization immediately before MBV: group A (n = 345) had PASP <50 mmHg; group B (n = 183) had PASP 50-79 mmHg; and group C (n = 31) had PASP > or =80 mmHg. Patients were evaluated clinically and echocardiographically at six months after MBV, and annually thereafter for up to 13 years. RESULTS: No mortality was encountered after MBV. Immediately after MBV, the mean PASP was 38.5+/-6.8 mmHg in group A (mild PH), 59.0+/-7.7 mmHg in group B (moderately severe PH), and 97.8+/-17.0 mmHg in group C (severe PH). At follow up (ca. 4 years), Doppler-monitored PASP fell to normal, and was similar in groups A, B and C (29+/-8, 31+/-9, and 29+/-5 mmHg, respectively; p = NS). CONCLUSION: MBV was shown to be safe and effective in treating patients with MS and severe PH. The latter condition regressed to normal levels over 6-12 months after successful MBV.

Regression of significant tricuspid regurgitation after mitral balloon valvotomy for severe mitral stenosis.

BACKGROUND: Significant tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is occasionally associated with severe mitral stenosis and has an adverse impact on morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing mitral valve surgery. However, the effect of successful mitral balloon valvotomy (MBV) on significant TR is not fully elucidated. The aim of this study was to investigate TR after MBV in patients with severe mitral stenosis. METHODS: We analyzed the data of 53 patients with significant TR (grade > or =2, on a 1 to 3 scale) from the mitral balloon valvotomy database at our hospital. Patients were evaluated by Doppler echocardiography before valvotomy and at follow-up 1 to 13 years after MBV. Patients were divided into group A (27 patients), in whom TR regressed by > or =1 scale, and group B (26 patients), in whom TR did not regress. RESULTS: The Doppler-determined pulmonary artery systolic pressure was initially higher and decreased at follow-up more in group A (from 70.7 +/- 23.8 to 36.5 +/- 8.3 mm Hg; P < .0001) than in group B (from 48.7 +/- 17.8 to 41.6 +/- 13.1 mm Hg; P = NS). Compared with patients in group B, patients in group A were younger (25 +/-10 vs 35 +/- 11 years; P < .005), had higher prevalence of functional TR (85% vs 8%; P < .0001), and had lower incidence of atrial fibrillation (7% vs 38%; P < .005). Significant decrease in right ventricular end-diastolic dimension after MBV was noted in group A but not in group B. The mitral valve area at late follow-up was larger in group A than in group B (1.8 +/- 0.3 vs 1.6 +/- 0.3 cm2; P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Regression of significant TR after successful MBV in patients with severe mitral stenosis was observed in patients who had severe pulmonary hypertension. This improvement in TR occurred even in the presence of organic tricuspid valve disease.